What sampling method establishes specific quotas for certain subgroups within a population?

The sampling method that establishes specific quotas for certain subgroups within a population is quota sampling. This technique is designed to ensure that the sample represents the characteristics of the population by pre-defining how many individuals from various subgroups or strata are needed within the sample. This could mean targeting specific demographics such as age, gender, or income level to achieve a sample that mirrors the population's diversity.

In quota sampling, researchers identify key characteristics of the population of interest and then select participants until the predetermined quota for each subgroup is met. This allows for a more controlled approach to ensure representation, making it particularly useful in studies where certain demographic variables are relevant to the research questions.

In contrast, the other sampling methods mentioned do not focus on predetermined quotas. Cluster sampling divides the population into clusters and randomly selects entire clusters for the sample, which may not guarantee representation of specific subgroups. Judgment sampling involves selecting individuals based on the researcher's discretion and expertise, lacking a structured quota system. Simple random sampling offers each member of the population an equal chance of selection but does not account for subgroup representation unless additional strategies are employed. Thus, quota sampling is distinct in its systematic approach to fulfilling specific demographic requirements in sampling.